Mowa zależna to relacjonowanie cudzych słów – zamiast cytować kogoś dokładnie, opowiadamy, co ktoś powiedział.
Bezpośrednia (Direct Speech)
Tom said: „I’m tired.”
Zależna (Reported Speech):
Tom said that he was tired.
W mowie zależnej zmieniamy czas wypowiedzi zgodnie z zasadami:
| Direct Speech | Reported Speech |
|---|---|
| Present Simple | Past Simple |
| „I work a lot.” | He said (that) he worked a lot. |
| Present Continuous | Past Continuous |
| „I am working.” | She said she was working. |
| Present Perfect | Past Perfect |
| „I have finished.” | He said he had finished. |
| Past Simple | Past Perfect |
| „I saw her.” | She said she had seen her. |
| Will | Would |
| „I will help you.” | He said he would help me. |
| Can | Could |
| „I can swim.” | She said she could swim. |
Kiedy NIE zmieniamy czasu?
Gdy cytujemy coś nadal prawdziwego: She said the Earth is round.
Gdy czasownik wprowadzający jest w czasie teraźniejszym: He says he loves her.
| Direct Speech | Reported Speech |
|---|---|
| I | he/she |
| my | his/her |
| we | they |
| this | that |
| these | those |
| now | then |
| today | that day |
| tomorrow | the next day / the following day |
| yesterday | the day before |
| here | there |
Szyk zdania zmienia się na zdanie oznajmujące.
Direct: „I’m happy.”
Reported: She said that she was happy.
Pytania szczegółowe (why,where,when itp.)
Używamy szyk twierdzący, bez inwersji.
Direct: „Where do you live?”
Reported: He asked where I lived.
Pytania ogólne (yes/no)
Wprowadzane przez if lub whether.
Direct: „Do you like coffee?”
Reported: She asked if I liked coffee.
Rozkaz: tell sb to + verb
„Sit down!” → He told me to sit down.
Prośba: ask sb to + verb
„Please help me.” → She asked me to help her.
Zakaz: tell sb not to + verb
„Don’t touch that!” → He told me not to touch that.